The simplicity of a hydrogen atom makes it an ideal model for studying atomic structure and interactions. Yet, despite the ...

The interactions of the quarks and gluons that make up protons and neutrons are so strong that the structure of protons and neutrons is difficult to calculate from theory and must be instead measured ...

Scientists have now mapped the forces acting inside a proton, showing in unprecedented detail how quarks -- the tiny particles within -- respond when hit by high-energy photons. The international team ...

There has been considerable debate among physicists over the last 15 years about conflicting measurements of the charge ...

Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and Fundamental Forces from Imperial College London. Alfredo has a PhD in Astrophysics and a Master's in Quantum Fields and ...

The power of gravity is writ large across our visible universe. It can be seen in the lock step of moons as they circle planets; in wandering comets pulled off-course by massive stars; and in the ...

Quantum electrodynamics (QED) stands as one of the most rigorously tested theories in modern physics, offering a comprehensive framework to describe the interactions between charged particles and the ...

A schematic diagram of proton and neutron distributions for mirror nuclei argon-31 and aluminum-31. Left side is the weakly bound proton-rich nucleus argon-31, which is predicted to exhibit a ...

In nuclear physics, "magic numbers" identify specific numbers of protons or neutrons that lead to especially stable nuclei. Recognizing these numbers helps scientists better understand the structure ...

New force distributions revealed by the calculations, on top of the probability map of finding a quark in the proton. Scientists have now mapped the forces acting inside a proton, showing in ...