Both density dependent and density independent factors have been considered important determinants of the dynamics of ungulate populations. Intraspecific competition for food and the amount of snow ...

Phoebe Caie, Jeffrey S. Shima, Patterns of selective predation change with ontogeny but not density in a marine fish, Oecologia, Vol. 189, No. 1 (January 2019), pp. 123-132 ...