From Robert Boyle’s early experiments to the Brønsted-Lowry model, our understanding of acids and bases has evolved into a clear framework of proton donors and acceptors. Knowing how to identify ...

As major fields of university chemistry, we have introduced physical chemistry, organic chemistry, inorganic chemistry, and ...

Fundamental principles and concepts of chemistry, including stoichiometry; thermochemistry; atomic and molecular structure; solution chemistry, including acid-base chemistry; quantum theory; bonding ...