All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

The “tail” of a particle size distribution references the particles that are several standard deviations removed from the mean of the standard Gaussian distribution. Figure 1 demonstrates the ...

Gauss sums are fundamental objects in number theory. Quadratic Gauss sums were studied by Gauss, and after many attempts, Gauss gave a simple formula depending only on the argument of the Gauss sums ...