How these menacing towers of raw concrete that just a few short years ago were considered the ugliest buildings in the world ...

The architects at the forefront of what Banham termed “New Brutalism” were actually thwarting the overly theorized, self-referential modernism of the times. Their buildings, he explained, exhibited ...

Brutalism, which flourished from the 1950s ... Their buildings, he explained, exhibited three simple traits: an easily visible interior plan, direct expression of structure, and building materials ...